Cikakken fahimtar ƙa'idodin fasaha na lathe na CNC shine tushen kowace shawarar da aka samu nasara a fannin injina - ko kuna siyan cibiyar juyawa ta farko, ko neman sabon aiki, ko inganta layin samarwa da ke akwai. Takaddun lathe na CNC ba wai kawai jerin lambobi bane akan teburin bayanai. Kowane kalma yana bayyana ƙuntatawa ta zahiri, ambulan aiki, ko alƙawarin daidaito wanda ke ƙayyade kai tsaye waɗanne sassa na injin zai iya sarrafawa da waɗanne sassa ba za a iya sarrafa su ba.
Wannan jagorar tana ba da cikakken bincike na kowane babban nau'in ƙayyadaddun bayanai, tun daga saurin juyawa, tafiyar axis zuwa tsarin sarrafawa da kuma jure wa saman-ƙarewa.
Menene Kalmomin Bayanan Fasaha na CNC Lathe?
Kalmomin fasaha na lathe na CNC suna nufin saitin sigogi, raka'a da tsarin ma'ana da masana'antun kayan aikin injin ke amfani da su don bayyana aiki da halayen jiki na lathes ko cibiyoyin juyawa da kwamfuta ke sarrafawa ta hanyar lambobi.
Bayanin Fasaha Mai Sauƙi na CNC Lathe Nau'i:
- Bayanan iya aiki: matsakaicin girma da nauyin kayan aikin da injin zai iya ɗauka.
- Bayanan motsi: kewayon tafiya da matsakaicin saurin motsi ga kowane axis
- Siffofin dogarai: gudun spindle, ƙarfi da ƙarfin juyi
- Bayanan daidaito: daidaiton matsayi, maimaituwa da kuma jurewar lissafi
- Bayanan kayan aiki: adadin tashoshin kayan aiki, girman shank na kayan aiki, ikon kayan aiki kai tsaye
- Sarrafa bayanaiNau'in mai sarrafa CNC, hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da hanyoyin sadarwa
Ta hanyar ƙwarewa a cikin wannan tsarin kalmomi, za ku iya kwatanta injuna daban-daban da kyau, tsara takamaiman ƙayyadaddun sayayya da kuma cimma sadarwa mai ma'ana tsakanin injiniya, sayayya da bita.
Bayanin Fasaha na CNC Lathe Kalmomin: Cikakken Bayani
Juyawa a kan gado: matsakaicin diamita na juyawa
Juyawa a kan gado yana nufin matsakaicin diamita na kayan aikin da zai iya juyawa ba tare da taɓa gadon injin ba, wanda yayi daidai da nisan da ya ninka daga tsakiyar layin dogo zuwa saman layin jagora na gado.
Idan diamita na waje na kayan aikin ya wuce diamita na juyawa na gadon, lathe ɗin ba zai iya riƙe ko juya kayan aikin ba. Ya kamata a tanada aƙalla kashi 10% -15% na gefe don zaɓin takamaiman aiki.
Matsayi na al'ada: lathe mai sauƙin amfani da benci: 200-350 mm; lathe mai matsakaicin girma: 400-600 mm; lathe mai nauyi da aka yi da bene: 800 mm-2, 000 mm ko fiye.
JIANKE Tukwici: yana da mahimmanci a tabbatar da juyawar da ke kan zamewar giciye a lokaci guda. Wannan ƙimar koyaushe tana ƙanƙanta fiye da diamita na juyawa na gadon, wanda ke wakiltar ainihin diamita na juyawa lokacin da karusar take a wurin.
Matsakaicin tsawon juyawa: tazara tsakanin cibiyoyi (DBC)
Tsawon juyawa mafi girma yana nufin matsakaicin tsawon kayan aikin da za a iya mannewa tsakanin fuskar chuck da tsakiyar tailstock. Yawanci ana taƙaita shi da DBC, wato, nisan da ke tsakanin ƙarshen biyu, wanda kuma ake kira tsawon juyawa.
Ga sassan shaft, sassan masu siffar dogaye kamar shaft ɗin tuƙi, zube ko kuma silinda mai amfani da ruwa dole ne a sanya ta gaba ɗaya a cikin wannan girman. Idan ya wuce, ya zama dole a juya ta sake matse ta, wanda hakan zai haifar da kuskuren canja wurin bayanai.
Hanyoyin yin alama na yau da kullun don ƙayyadaddun lathe na CNC: matsakaicin tsawon juyawa: 500/1,000/1,500 mm” – gadon siminti iri ɗaya galibi yana ba da takamaiman tsayin gado don zaɓi.
Bayanan saurin dogara da sanda
Saurin spindle yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman sigogi a cikin ƙayyadaddun fasaha na CNC lathe, saboda yana ƙayyade saurin yankewa, kuma saurin yankewa yana shafar rayuwar kayan aiki da ƙarewar saman kai tsaye.
| Term | definition | Nau'in Na Musamman |
|---|---|---|
| Matsakaicin saurin sandal | Mafi girman RPM da spindle zai iya kaiwa | RPM |
| Kewayon saurin Spindle | Cikakken madaurin aiki, misali, 40-6,000 RPM | RPM |
| Saurin saman da ba ya canzawa (CSS) | Daidaita RPM ta atomatik yayin da diamita ke canzawa | m/min ko SFM |
| diamita na dogayen sanda | Diamita na ciki na ramin madauri don kayan sandar | mm ko inci |
| Dogon hanci mai taɓewa | Tsarin hulɗa (misali, A2-6, A2-8, Camlock D1-8) | Alamar Camlock |
Diamita na ramin spindle bore yana buƙatar kulawa ta musamman wajen amfani da sandar sarrafa sanda. Babban sandar mai diamita na ramin da ya ratsa ta 65 mm zai iya ratsa ta sandar da ta kai kusan mm 62 kawai (ana buƙatar rata don bangon bututun spring chuck ko bututun zana). Haɓakawa zuwa sandar da ta ratsa ta 102 mm na iya faɗaɗa iyakar sama na diamita na sandar da za a iya amfani da ita.
Ƙarfin dogara da karfin juyi
Ƙarfin injin spindle (kW ko HP) yana ƙayyade matsakaicin ƙimar cire kayan da ake da su. Duk da haka, ƙarfin kololuwa yawanci ana fitarwa ne kawai a mafi girma gudu. Matsakaicin ƙarfin juyi (N·m ko ft·lb) muhimmin ma'auni ne don yanke kayan tauri masu ƙarancin gudu kamar Inconel ko ƙarfe mai tauri.
Zaɓin dole ne ya koma ga ƙarfin da aka ƙididdige na S1 (ci gaba), maimakon ƙarfin da aka ƙididdige na S6 (na ɗan lokaci). Ƙimar da aka ƙididdige na S6 yawanci tana da kashi 30% -50% mafi girma, amma ba zai iya fitarwa akai-akai ba.
Misali na karanta bayanin martabar spindle:
"22/18.5 kW (S6/S1), ƙarfin juyi mai ƙarfi 303 N·m a 1,000 RPM"
Wannan yana nufin 18.5 kW akai-akai, 22 kW har zuwa 60% na zagayowar aiki na minti 10. Matsakaicin ƙarfin juyi na 303 N·m yana faruwa a 1,000 RPM kuma yana raguwa yayin da RPM ke ƙaruwa.
Tafiyar Axis (gatari X, Z, Y)
Tafiyar CNC ta lathe axis tana bayyana yanayin motsi na zahiri da ake samu ga kayan aikin yankewa.
X-axis: tafiye-tafiyen giciye-zamewa (sarrafa diamita na aikin); matsakaicin kewayon: ± 100 mm zuwa ± 500 mm.
Z-axis: tafiya mai tsayi (sarrafa tsawon axial na ɓangaren); ƙimar tana daidai da ko ɗan fi girma fiye da matsakaicin tsawon juyawa.
Axis na Y (cibiyoyin niƙa-juyawa kawai): zurfin niƙawa a waje da tsakiya, matsakaicin kewayon: ± 50 mm zuwa ± 120 mm.
Saurin wucewa ta sauri yana bayyana matsakaicin saurin motsi na kowane axis a cikin yanayin rashin yankewa. Mafi girman saurin motsi mai sauri (misali, 30 m/min idan aka kwatanta da 20 m/min) na iya rage lokacin rashin yankewa da kuma ƙara yawan ayyukan bugun zagaye na gajere.
Takardar bayanai da kayan aiki
Hasumiyar kayan aiki ita ce ginshiƙin sassaucin cibiyar juyawa ta CNC.
Adadin tashoshin kayan aiki: tsarin ginin hasumiya yawanci yana da matsayi 8, 10 ko 12 na kayan aiki; tsarin ginin hasumiya mai kama da ganga zai iya samun matsayi har zuwa kayan aiki 24.
Girman shank na kayan aiki: Girman giciye na mariƙin kayan aikin juyawa, kamar 20×20 mm, 25×25 mm, 32×32 mm, dole ne a daidaita shi da kayan aikin.
Diamita mai ban sha'awa: matsakaicin diamita na shank don kayan aikin ciki.
Kayan aiki kai tsaye/wanda ake amfani da shi: Matsayin kayan aiki tare da injin tuƙi yana ba da damar niƙa lathe, haƙowa da kuma tapping, wanda ke da alaƙa da saurin juyawa da ƙarfin kayan aikin wutar lantarki.
Lokacin nuna turret: lokacin da ake buƙata don hasumiyar ta juya zuwa wuraren kayan aiki da ke kusa, tare da ƙimar da aka saba da ita ta daƙiƙa 0.15-0.4 a kowace tasha, yana da mahimmanci ga ayyukan gajeren zango mai yawan amfani.
Bayani dalla-dalla na Chuck
Maƙallin yana da alhakin manne kayan aikin. Manyan ƙayyadaddun bayanai na maƙallin lathe na CNC sun haɗa da:
- Chuck diamita: ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun bayanai na yawancin lathes na samarwa sune 6", 8, 10, 12 da 15".
- Nau'in muƙamuƙi: daidaitaccen muƙamuƙi mai 3, mai 4-muƙamuƙi mai zaman kansa, ko nau'in musamman (ƙugiyar collet, kugiyar pneumatic/hydraulic).
- clamping karfi: an auna shi da kN, yana ƙayyade riƙo akan yanayin ƙasa mai wahala ko ayyukan sauri.
- bugun muƙamuƙi: matsakaicin adadin buɗewar ƙugiya yana ƙayyade kewayon diamita da ƙugiya ɗaya zai iya ɗauka.
Tailstock bayani dalla-dalla
Ba a saba yin watsi da ƙayyadaddun kayan haƙo na wutsiya ba a aikin sarrafa sassan shaft da haƙowa, amma suna da mahimmanci iri ɗaya:
- Tailstock quill tafiya: matsakaicin nisan da cibiyar kai tsaye za ta iya kaiwa, kamar 100 mm.
- Diamita na bel ɗin tailstock/taper: daidaitaccen shine Morse Taper MT3, MT4 ko MT5.
- Tsarin Tailstock offset: don jujjuyawar da ta yi tauri, kewayon yau da kullun: ± 10 mm zuwa ± 15 mm.
- Tailstock mai sarrafa CNC: injunan zamani masu inganci suna ba da damar yin amfani da injinan haƙa rami don sake zagayowar haƙa rami ta atomatik.
Matsayi daidaito da maimaitawa
| Musamman. | definition | hankula Darajar |
|---|---|---|
| Daidaita daidaituwa | Matsakaicin karkacewa tsakanin matsayin da aka umurta da kuma ainihin a kan cikakken bugun axis | ± 0.005-± 0.010mm |
| Repeatability | Daidaito lokacin dawowa zuwa matsayi ɗaya daga hanya ɗaya, sau da yawa | ±0.001-±0.003 mm |
| backlash | Rashin motsi lokacin juyawa alkiblar axis, wanda ya faru sakamakon aikin injiniya | <0.003 mm (an biya shi) |
Don injinan da aka gyara (dashen magani, sassan sararin samaniya), zaɓi ya kamata ya ba da fifiko ga daidaiton matsayi mai maimaitawa (maimaitawa) maimakon daidaiton matsayi. Ma'aunin ya fi tsauri kuma ya fi nuna ainihin ƙarfin sarrafawa.
Ka'idojin aunawa sun haɗa da ISO 230-2 (ƙa'idar ƙasa da ƙasa) da kuma JIS B6336 (Ma'aunin Jafananci wanda Mazak, Okuma da FANUC suka yi amfani da shi).
Bayanan mai kula da CNC
Tsarin sarrafawa yana sarrafa dukkan ayyukan motsi, haɗakarwa da sadarwa na lathe. Manyan ƙayyadaddun bayanai na lathe na CNC don mai sarrafawa sun haɗa da:
- Alamar/samfurin mai sarrafawa: FANUC 0i-TF Plus, Siemens SINUMERIK 828D, Mitsubishi M80. Tsarin shirye-shirye, shirye-shiryen tattaunawa da damar samun damar IoT na kowane tsarin sun bambanta. More bayanai: Shirye-shirye da Manhajar Lathe ta CNC: Mafi kyawun Kayan Aiki don 2026
- Memorywa memorywalwar ajiya na shirin: Wurin ajiya na lambar NC, yawanci daga 512 KB zuwa 2 GB
- Mafi ƙarancin ƙarin shigarwa: ƙudurin umarnin motsi, yawanci 0.001 mm ko 0.0001 mm (micron 1)
- Yanayin Interpolation: layi (G01), zagaye (G02/G03), zare (G32/G76), layin polynomial.
- Nau'in servo na Axis: Na'urar AC mai amfani da madauki mai rufewa ko kuma cikakken rufewa (ma'aunin encoder da layi).
Tsarin madauki mai cikakken rufewa yana shigar da sikelin layi kai tsaye akan tsarin kayan aikin injin kuma yana kawar da kuskuren bugun sikirin jagora gaba ɗaya daga madaukin amsawa. Idan aka kwatanta da tsarin madauki mai rabin rufewa, daidaiton matsayi zai iya inganta da kashi 30% -50%.
Bayani dalla-dalla game da tsarin sanyaya
Bayanan tsarin sanyaya galibi ana ɓoye su a cikin sandar sharhi na takardar bayanai, amma suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan rayuwar kayan aiki da lokacin zagayowar:
- Matsakaicin matsin lamba na sanyaya ambaliyar ruwa: 3-5 mashaya
- Mai sanyaya iska mai ƙarfi ta hanyar dunƙule: sandar 70, sandar 140 ko sandar 200 don ingantaccen fitar da guntu a cikin rami mai zurfi da kuma ƙarfe masu ban mamaki.
- Ƙarfin tanki mai sanyaya: girman ƙarfin, tsawon lokacin daidaitawar guntu, ƙarancin zafin sanyaya.
- Nau'in jigilar guntu: bel ɗin ƙarfe mai hinged (daidaitacce), scraper (don ƙananan guntu-ƙarfe), mai raba maganadisu (don swarf mai ferrous).
Yadda ake karanta Kalmomin Fasaha na CNC Lathe?
Mataki na 1: tabbatar da dacewa ta asali (bayanan iya aiki)
Kafin duk wasu kimantawa, tabbatar ko waɗannan lambobi huɗu za su iya ɗaukar mafi girman aikin da ake tsammani:
- Juya kan gado ≥ sashi OD×1.15
- Matsakaicin tsawon juyawa ≥ tsawon sashi + zurfin muƙamuƙi + 10 mm sharewa
- Spindle bore > matsakaicin diamita na sandar hannun jari + izinin collet
- Chuck diamita ≥ sashi OD riko yankin
Idan ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke sama bai gamsu ba, na'urar ba za ta yi aiki ba komai tsadar farashin.
Mataki na 2: daidaita ƙayyadaddun bayanai tare da kayan aiki da juriya
| Aikace-aikace | Takamaiman Bayani Mai Muhimmanci. | Nasihar Mafi ƙarancin |
|---|---|---|
| Babban gudu na aluminum | Mafi girman madaurin juyawa RPM | 6,000 RPM |
| Karfe mai tauri/Inconel | Ƙarfin juyi (S1) | 200N · m |
| Daidaito sassan likita | Repeatability | ± 0.002 mm |
| Samar da abinci a mashaya | Ƙunƙarar leda | 65 mm ko 102 mm |
| Sassan prism masu rikitarwa | Y-axis+live tooling | ±80 mm Y, 4,000 RPM kai tsaye |
Mataki na 3: kwatanta jimillar kuɗin mallakar
Tasirin ƙayyadaddun lathe na CNC akan TCO ya fi farashin siyan da kansa. Tsarin TSC mai sanda 70 na iya ƙara farashi da $8,000- $15,000, amma zai iya rage lokacin zagayowar da kashi 60% a cikin injinan rami mai zurfi, wanda ke ba da damar dawo da jarin cikin watanni bayan jadawalin samarwa mai cike da aiki.
| Ƙayyadaddun bayanai | Mai sauƙin aiki (misali, chuck mai inci 8) | Nauyin Aiki Mai Girma (misali, 15″+chuck) |
|---|---|---|
| Juyawa saman gado | 300-450 mm | 800-2,000 mm |
| Matsakaicin tsayin juyawa | 300-600 mm | 1,500-10,000mm |
| Ƙarfin dogara (S1) | 7.5-15 kW | 30-75 kW |
| Gudun dogara (max) | 4,000-8,000 RPM | 1,000-3,000 RPM |
| Maimaita matsayi | ± 0.002-0.003 mm | ± 0.005-0.010 mm |
| Nauyin yau da kullun | 3,000-6,000 kg | 15,000-80,000 kg |
| Aikace-aikace na yau da kullun | Likitanci, na'urorin lantarki, ƙananan jiragen sama | Mai da iskar gas, samar da wutar lantarki, sojojin ruwa |
Kurakuran da Aka Fi Sani a Karatun CNC Lathe Takaddun Bayani na Fasaha Kalmomin Kimiyya
Ko da injiniyoyi masu ƙwarewa galibi suna karanta bayanan fasaha na injinan CNC ba daidai ba.
Juyawa mai rikitarwa a kan gado tare da matsakaicin diamita na juyawa: matsakaicin diamita na juyawa a wurin riƙe kayan aiki koyaushe yana ƙanƙanta fiye da diamita na juyawa na gadon. Tabbatar da amfani da manyan sassan ku don tabbatar da ƙimar biyu daban-daban.
Amfani da ƙimar wutar lantarki ta S6 don ragewa mai ɗorewa: S6 yana da ɗan lokaci kaɗan kuma ana iya fitarwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci ne kawai. Dole ne kasafin kuɗin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi ya dogara ne akan ƙimar S1 (tsarin aiki mai ci gaba).
Yin watsi da diamita na spindle bore a cikin aikin mashaya: lathe mai diamita na juyawar gado na 380 mm amma ramin spindle na 45 mm kawai ba shi da amfani don samar da billets na shaft na 50 mm.
Kwatanta lambobin maimaitawa ba tare da la'akari da ma'aunin ba: ±0.003 mm an auna shi bisa ga ISO 230-2 da ±0.003 mm an auna shi bisa ga VDI/DGQ 3441, waɗanda lambobi ne daban-daban da aka auna ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ya zama dole a tabbatar da ma'aunin aunawa da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin zaɓin.
Yin watsi da takardun fasaha na diyya na zafi: ƙayyadaddun yanayin sanyi na injunan biyu na iya zama iri ɗaya, amma aikin na iya bambanta sosai bayan awanni biyu na ci gaba da samarwa. Ana buƙatar masana'anta su samar da bayanan ɗumamar zafi don aikin injin zafi na awanni 4.
Ma'anar RPM na kayan aiki kai tsaye daidai yake da saurin tsakiyar injina: ƙarfin kayan aikin da ke aiki a zahiri yawanci yana da 1.5-3.5 kW ne kawai, wanda ya fi ƙasa da sandar cibiyar injin. Kayan aikin wutar lantarki ya dace da ayyukan sakandare kuma bai dace da ayyukan niƙa na farko ba.
Kammalawa
Kalmomin fasaha na CNC lathe wani tsari ne na harshe na ƙwararru masu tsauri da daidaito da ake amfani da su don kafa daidaito tsakanin buƙatun injiniya da ainihin ƙarfin kera kayan aikin injin. Daga juyawar gado a kan gado, ramin spindle, zuwa sake maimaitawa da lokacin nuna turret, kowane siga a cikin teburin ƙayyadewa ya dace kai tsaye da aikin da ake yi a ainihin samarwa.
Ta hanyar koyon fassara, kwatantawa da amfani da waɗannan ƙayyadaddun bayanai daidai da kuma daidaita su da takamaiman aikace-aikacen masana'antu, zaku iya cimma waɗannan manufofi: zaɓi mai kyau, tsara ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun fasaha na siye, da kuma inganta hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki da ake da su yadda ya kamata.
FAQ
Ƙarfin sandar yana nufin matsakaicin diamita na sandar da za ta iya wucewa ta cikin ramin da ke cikin ramin kuma mai ciyar da sandar zai iya ciyar da ita ta atomatik. Wannan ƙimar ta ɗan ƙanƙanta fiye da diamita na ramin sandar, don haka ya zama dole a ware wani gibi don ginin jagora ko bangon bututun zana. Idan diamita na sandar ya wuce ƙarfin wucewar sandar, dole ne a matse shi da hannu bayan yankewa.
A cikin kalmomin lathe na CNC da aka saba amfani da su, tsakiyar juyawa yana nufin lathe na CNC wanda aka sanye shi da kayan aiki masu rai, axis na Y, kuma yawanci ƙaramin spindle ne, wanda ke ba shi damar kammala dukkan sassan a cikin saiti ɗaya. Lathe na CNC na asali yana da axis biyu kawai na X axis da axis na Z, kuma hasumiyar kayan aiki ba ta da ikon tuƙi.
Daidaiton matsayi shine kusancin injin da wurin umarni a kowane matsayi na bugun shaft, wanda ke rufe kurakurai daban-daban na tsarin kamar kuskuren bugun sikirin gubar da kuskuren juyawa. Maimaitawa yana auna daidaiton injin da ya dawo zuwa matsayi ɗaya sau da yawa daga hanya ɗaya. Don sarrafawa mai saurin jurewa, daidaiton matsayi mai maimaitawa shine mafi mahimmanci ma'ana.
Mafi kyawun saurin yankewa na ƙarfen aluminum (6061,7075) shine 300-600 m/min. Idan diamita na kayan aikin shine 50 mm, saurin da ya dace shine kusan 1,900-3,800 RPM; idan diamita ya ragu zuwa 10-20 mm, ana iya buƙatar 5,000-10,000 RPM. Dole ne a tabbatar cewa matsakaicin saurin juyawa da aikin saurin saman lathe na iya rufe wannan kewayon.
Injin lathe, wanda galibi ake kira "uwar dukkan injuna," tsari ne na asali na kera kayan aiki wanda ake amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar sassa masu siffa mai kama da juna ta hanyar juya kayan aiki a kan kayan aikin yankewa marasa motsi.
