Basic concepts of CNC machine
CNC machine tools are automated machine tools that are digitally controlled by computers. Common CNC systems include CNC, DNC, etc. It controls the movement and processing of machine tools through pre-programmed programs, and can complete complex processing tasks without manual operation. CNC machine tools integrate multiple technologies such as mechanics, electronics, and computers, and have the characteristics of high precision, high efficiency, and high flexibility.
The core of CNC machine tools is the CNC system, which receives the processing program and converts it into control signals to drive the movement of various parts of the machine tool.
How CNC machine work
The working principle of CNC machine tools mainly includes the following steps:
Compile machining program: According to the workpiece drawing, use G code and other CNC programming languages to write machining programs.
Input program: Input the compiled program into the CNC system.
Program processing: The CNC system processes and analyzes the program.
Interpolation operation: Calculate the motion trajectory of each axis.
Servo control: Drive the motor of each axis to move according to the calculated trajectory.
Machining execution: The tool performs cutting according to the program.
Detection feedback: Real-time detection and feedback of the position of each axis to ensure machining accuracy.
Main components of CNC machines
Machine tool body: including mechanical structure parts such as bed, workbench, spindle box, etc.
CNC system: the “brain” of the machine tool, responsible for program processing and motion control.
Servo drive system: executes CNC system instructions and drives each motion axis.
Measurement feedback system: detects the position and speed of each axis and feeds back to the CNC system.
Tool system: including tool magazine, automatic tool changer, etc.
Auxiliary system: such as cooling, chip removal, lubrication and other systems
Advantages and disadvantage
Compared with traditional machine tools, CNC machine tools have the following advantages:
- High processing accuracy and good repeatability.
- High production efficiency, especially suitable for small batch production of multiple varieties.
- Can process parts with complex shapes and reduce fixtures.
- Simple operation, reducing the requirements for operator skills.
- Good flexibility, easy to realize automated production.
Main disadvantages include:
- High equipment investment cost.
- High requirements for maintenance personnel.
- Fault diagnosis and repair are relatively complicated.
Common types of CNC machines
CNC machine tools can be divided into many types according to processing methods and structural characteristics, mainly including:
CNC milling machine: used for milling processing, including vertical, horizontal, gantry, etc.
CNC lathe: used for turning cylindrical parts.
Machining center: integrates multiple processing functions and can complete the processing of complex parts.
CNC grinder: used for high-precision grinding.
CNC drilling machine: used for drilling, tapping and other processing.
Special processing machine tools: such as special processing equipment such as EDM and wire cutting.
What should you avoid when using CNC machines?
- Ensure that the workpiece is firmly fixed before operation, and check the machine tool status and tool.
- Set cutting parameters reasonably to avoid excessive cutting causing workpiece deformation or tool damage.
- Operators wear appropriate protective equipment and keep the work area clean.
- Clean the chips and coolant inside the machine tool in time and perform maintenance regularly.
- Reset all components before shutting down and ensure that the control switch is in the off state.
- Strictly abide by the operating procedures and do not change the machine tool settings and procedures without authorization.
